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周永锋课题组
Yong-feng Zhou lab
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葡萄等无性繁殖作物的基因组杂合度在克隆繁殖过程中被逐步放大,导致二倍体克隆作物基因组中积累了大量杂合结构变异和有害变异。这些结构变异导致在二倍体个体常染色体中的一些基因仅保留一个等位基因,从而形成半合子基因(图1)。以往,半合子基因的研究主要集中于X/Y性别系统中雄性个体的X或Y染色体,而常染色体半合子基因的特征与调控网络鲜有报道。

葡萄中半合子基因(红色)的示意图

中国农业科学院深圳农业基因组研究所周永锋团队前期发现,这些基因与葡萄的性别决定、果实颜色变化等重要农艺性状密切相关Nature Plants,2019。全面揭示克隆繁殖作物中半合子基因的遗传特性,对于深入理解其遗传机制,以及推动葡萄全基因组设计育种,具有重要的科学意义和实用价值。

2025年2月7日,周永锋团队在国际权威期刊PNAS上发表了题为The genomic and epigenomic landscapes of hemizygous genes across crops with contrasting reproductive systems的研究论文,首次揭示了克隆作物中半合子基因的普遍性及遗传特征,为葡萄等克隆作物基因组设计育种提供了全新视角。

周永锋团队在葡萄等无性繁殖作物的驯化群体遗传学和全基因组设计育种领域取得了一系列重要进展。在群体遗传学方面,团队发现葡萄等无性繁殖作物的基因组杂合度在克隆繁殖过程中被逐步放大,导致其基因组中积累了大量的杂合有害变异与结构变异PNAS,2017;2023;2025,这些变异导致葡萄很强的自交衰退,与葡萄重要农艺性状的遗传调控直接相关Nature Plants,2018;2019;Nature Genetics 2024。在葡萄全基因组设计育种方面,团队通过整合群体遗传学、数量遗传学与机器学习算法,解析葡萄关键农艺性状基因的遗传基础,并基于表型组学与机器学习构建了全基因组设计育种体系Nature Genetics | 基因组所周永锋团队建立葡萄全基因组选择育种体系,Current Biology | 周永锋团队系统研究葡萄无核性状的多基因遗传基础,并构建其全基因组选择育种体系。然而,目前针对由结构变异引发的半合子基因遗传调控的研究尚不清楚,有待进一步深入探索。

为系统解析半合子基因分布及其遗传调控特征,该研究首先基于PACBIO HIFI数据,对三个葡萄样本的基因组进行了新组装,包括霞多丽的端粒到端粒基因组CHT2T_AGIS1_hap1和CHT2T_AGIS1_hap2、黑比诺以及变叶葡萄的分型基因组。随后,结合已发表的19个其他繁育体系各异包括克隆、杂交与自交的基因组样本,利用比较基因组学解析了22个基因组的半合子基因。研究结果显示,在自交繁殖作物中,半合子基因的比例极低,仅为0.01%-1.2%;在异交繁殖作物中,平均8.7%的基因处于半合子状态;而在克隆繁殖作物中,半合子基因的比例显著升高至13.8%,这主要归因于杂合结构变异在克隆繁殖过程逐步累积。

研究进一步解析了半合子基因的特征,发现半合子基因更倾向分布在着丝粒区域,而非端粒区域,并受到较弱的净化选择;其表达水平显著降低,仅为二倍体基因的20%,这一现象打破了传统的剂量补偿进化模型。此外,半合子基因及其邻近的转座元件具有更高的DNA甲基化水平,可能是导致表达水平降低的关键原因(图3)。基因表达谱分析还表明,半合子基因在果实发育、器官分化和环境胁迫响应等特定生物学过程中表现出更高的特异性表达,说明其可能在植物适应复杂环境、调控重要农艺性状上发挥重要作用。

综上所述,该研究揭示了葡萄等克隆繁殖作物中半合子基因的普遍性,以及其在遗传、表达和表观遗传调控方面的特征。这一发现为克隆繁殖作物遗传学与育种研究提供了强有力的科学支持,并为葡萄基因组设计育种奠定了重要的理论基础。

中国农业科学院深圳农业基因组研究所、中国热带农业科学院周永锋研究员,加州大学尔湾分校Brandon Gaut教授为该文章的通讯作者,基因组所彭艳玲博士为文章的第一作者,中国农科院基因组所、果树所和中国热带农业科学院等单位的研究人员参与了此研究。该研究获得了国家重点研发计划、国家优秀青年科学基金海外、国家自然科学基金的支持。

不同繁育体系植物中半合子基因的比例

Fig.2 Characterization of hemizygous genes in clonal and outcrossing Vitis accessions. (A) Proportions of hemizygous and diploid genes located in centromeres (Left) and telomeres (Right). (B) Ks and Ka/Ks values comparing hemizygous and diploid genes; boxplots show medians, quartiles, and ranges. (C) Average phylostrata levels for both hemizygous and diploid genes, with larger values indicating younger genes. error bars indicate 95% bootstrap CI. (D) Insertion times for hemizygous and diploid LTRs. (E) Proportion of single-copy genes among hemizygous and diploid genes. (F) Top 15 enriched biological processes for hemizygous genes in Pinot Noir. Fisher’s exact test was used for (A and E); Wilcoxon rank-sum test for (B), (C), and (D). “ns” denotes nonsignificant (P > 0.05), significant differences (P < 0.05) are unmarked.

Fig.3 Transcriptomic landscapes of hemizygous and diploid genes in clonal and outcrossing Vitis accessions. (A) Proportion of expressed hemizygous and diploid genes in each tissue/treatment and overall across six samples. (B) Expression levels (FPKM) of hemizygous and diploid genes in each tissue/treatment from the six Vitis samples. Error bars show 95% bootstrap-based CI. (C) Proportion of differentially expressed genes for hemizygous and diploid genes for four Vitis accessions with control-treatment contrasts. (D) Proportion of common and unique DEGs of hemizygous and diploid genes among three processes, including fruit development (Fr), organ differentiation (Or), and abiotic and biotic stress stimulus processes (Stress). Fisher’s test was used for (A) and (C); Wilcoxon ranksum test was for (B). Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed throughout. Circles in (A) and (C) represent increments of 25%, from 25% (innermost) to 100% (outermost).

Fig.4 Cis-regulation of TE effects on hemizygous and diploid genes in Vitis accessions. (A) Proportion of expressed hemizygous and diploid genes with/without nearby TEs. (B) Expression levels [log2(FPKM+1)] of expressed hemizygous and diploid genes with/without nearby TEs. (C) Proportion of expressed genes with nearby hemizygous or diploid TEs. (D) Expression levels [log2(FPKM+1)] of genes with nearby hemizygous or diploid TEs. Fisher’s exact test was used for (A) and (C), Wilcoxon rank-sum test for (B) and (D). ns denotes nonsignificant (P > 0.05); significant differences (P < 0.05) are unmarked. Boxplots in (B) and (D) show median, quartiles, and range.

Fig.5 Epigenomic landscapes of hemizygous genes and their nearby diploid and hemizygous TEs. (A) Average DNA methylation levels in CG, CHG, or CHH contexts for different sequence types in four Vitis accessions. (B) DNA methylation distribution for each sequence type for Pinot Noir, with “TSS” and “TES” marking transcription start/end sites of genes or TE boundaries, including 1-kb flanking regions.

Fig.6 Epigenetic effects on hemizygous gene expression in four Vitis accessions. (A) Proportion of gbM, mCHG, and UM genes for hemizygous and diploid genes across four taxa. (B) Proportion of expressed gbM, mCHG, and UM genes. (C) Expression levels [log2(FPKM+1)] of expressed gbM, mCHG, and UM genes. Fisher’s exact test was used for (A) and (B); Wilcoxon rank-sum test for (C). ns denotes nonsignificant (P > 0.05), while significant differences (P < 0.05) are unmarked. Boxplots in (C) show median, quartiles, and range.

参考文献

1. Peng, Y.et al.(2025) The genomic and epigenomic landscapes of hemizygous genes across crops with contrasting reproductive systems.PNAS122(6), e2422487122.
2. Liu, Z.et al. (2024) Grapevine pangenome facilitates trait genetics and genomic breeding.Nature Genetics56, 2804-2814.
3. Wang, X.et al. (2024) Integrative genomics reveals the polygenic basis of seedlessness in grapevine.Current Biology34(16), 3763-3777.
4. Xiao, H.et al. (2023) Adaptive and maladaptive introgression in grapevine domestication.PNAS120(24), e2222041120.
5. Zhou, Y.et al. (2019) The population genetics of structural variants in grapevine domestication.Nature plants5(9), 965-979.
6. Gaut, B.S.et al. (2018) Demography and its effects on genomic variation in crop domestication.Nature plants4(8), 512-520.
7. Zhou, Y.et al.(2017) Evolutionary genomics of grape (Vitis viniferassp. vinifera) domestication.PNAS114(44), 11715-11720.

论文链接

www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2422487122






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